new files added

Author: Rohit-2301

data.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+this is a practice question
+line 1
+line 2
+line 3
+line 4

datastructures/dict.py

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# collection of key-value pairs , mutable, unordered, no duplicate keys
+student = {
+    "name": "rohit",
+    "age": 20,
+    "college": "chandigarh university"
+}
+print(student)
+# accessing:
+print(student["name"])
+# .get(), preferable as it will not throw error if key is not present
+print(student.get("age"))
+
+# adding and updating
+student["course"] = "C.S.E"
+student["age"] = "21"
+print(student)
+
+# removing
+student.pop("college")
+del student["course"]
+print(student)
+
+# looping
+for key in student:
+    print(key, end=" ")
+print()
+for value in student.values():
+    print(value, end=" ")
+print()
+for key, value in student.items():
+    print(f"{key}:{value}")
+
+# dictionary methods
+student1 = {
+    "name": "rohit",
+    "age": 20,
+    "college": "chandigarh university"
+}
+
+print()
+print(student1.keys())
+print(student1.values())
+print(student1.items())
+
+# Create a dictionary with 5 student names as keys and their marks as values.
+student_marks = {
+    "a": 91,
+    "b": 93,
+    "x": 88,
+    "y": 90,
+    "z": 92
+}
+print(student_marks)
+
+print("practice questions")
+
+# Find the student with the highest marks.
+scholar = max(student_marks, key=student_marks.get)
+# max(dictionary, key=dictionary.get) → Finds key with max value.
+print(f"topper student : {scholar} with {student_marks[scholar]} marks")

datastructures/lists.py

@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@
 print(fruits)
 fruits.pop()  # remove last element
 print(fruits)
+print("practice questions")
+
 
 # Create a list of 5 numbers and print their total_sum.
 num = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

datastructures/sets.py

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# unordered, mutable, unique collection of elements
+numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
+info = {"rohit", 21, "B.E-S.C.S.E"}
+empty_set = set()  # {} creates empty dict not set
+
+# no indexing as unordered
+print(numbers)
+for i in numbers:
+    print(i, end=" ")
+print()
+
+# adding element to set
+numbers.add(4.3)
+print(numbers)
+
+# removing element from a set
+
+numbers.remove(3)  # gives error if 3 is not present in the set
+print(numbers)
+
+numbers.discard(4)  # does not give error if 3 is not present in the set
+print(numbers)
+
+# mathematical operations
+a = {1, 2, 3, 4}
+b = {3, 4, 5, 6}
+print(a)
+print(b)
+print("a U b: ", a | b)  # union
+print("a intersec b: ", a & b)  # intersection
+print("a - b: ", a - b)  # difference
+print("b - a: ", b - a)  # difference
+print("a ^ b: ", a ^ b)  # symmetric difference
+
+print("practice questions")
+
+# Create a set with 5 numbers and remove the largest number.
+
+num = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
+max_num = max(num)
+print(f"largest num is {max_num}")
+num.remove(max_num)
+# Find the common elements between two sets {10, 20, 30, 40} and {30, 40, 50, 60}.
+x = {10, 20, 30, 40}
+y = {30, 40, 50, 60}
+print("common elements:", x & y, end=" ")

datastructures/tuples.py

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# similar to list but immutable
+
+numbers = (10, 20, 40)
+diff_dataatype = ("rohit", 3, 3.5, True)
+
+single_elem = (10,)  # without comma it is just an int
+
+for i in numbers:
+    print(i, end=" ")
+print()
+# packing and unpacking
+
+person = ("rohit", 21, "B.E-C.S.E")  # packing
+name, age, stream = person  # unpacking
+print(name, end=" ")
+print(age, end=" ")
+print(stream)
+
+# convert tuple to list and vice-versa
+
+# tuple to list
+tup_num = (10, 20, 30)
+list_num = list(tup_num)
+for i in list_num:
+    print(i, end=" ")
+print()
+list_num.append(40)
+for i in list_num:
+    print(i, end=" ")
+print()
+
+# list to tuple
+list_num = tuple(tup_num)
+print("this is a tuple")
+for i in list_num:
+    print(i, end=" ")
+print()
+print("practice questions")
+
+
+# create a tuple of 5 numbers and find their sum.
+tup_sum = 0
+for i in tup_num:
+    tup_sum += i
+print(f"the sum is {tup_sum}")
+
+# Swap two numbers using a tuple(without using a third variable).
+
+tuple_num = (5, 6)
+print(tuple_num)
+tuple_num = (tuple_num[1], tuple_num[0])
+print(tuple_num)

example.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+this is file handling
+-w mode is used to write inside a file
+-a is used for appending in the same file

filehandling/filehandling.py

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# -w is used to write inside a file
+# if file doesnt exist, it creates one
+# if file exists, it overwrites the file
+with open("example.txt", "w") as file:
+    file.write("this is file handling")
+    file.write("\n-w mode is used to write inside a file")
+print("file written successfully")
+
+# -r is used to read the contents of a file
+# if file doesnt exist, it throws an err
+with open("example.txt", "r") as file:
+    content = file.read()
+print(content)
+
+# 'a' mode: Keeps the existing content and adds new data
+with open("example.txt", "a") as file:
+    file.write("\n-a is used for appending in the same file")
+print("appended")
+
+# to read file line by line
+with open("example.txt", "r") as file:
+    for line in file:
+        print(line.strip())  # strip() remove the newline character
+
+# Write a Python script to create a file named "data.txt" and write 5 lines of text.
+with open("data.txt", "w") as file:
+    file.write("this is a practice question\nline 1\nline 2\nline 3\nline 4")
+print("data.txt created and written")
+# optimised code:
+# with open("data.txt", "w") as file:
+#     lines = ["this is a practice question\n",
+#              "line 1\n",
+#              "line 2\n,"
+#              "line 3\n,"
+#              "line 4\n"]
+#     file.writelines(lines)
+
+
+# Read the file and print each line one by one.
+
+with open("data.txt", "r") as file:
+    content = file.readlines()
+    total_words = 0
+    total_char = 0
+    for line in content:
+        print(line.strip())
+        total_words += len(line.split())
+        total_char += len(line)
+# Count the number of lines in "data.txt" and print:
+# "Total number of lines in data.txt: X"
+    print(f"Total number of lines in data.txt: {len(content)}")
+# Modify your script to count the total number of words in "data.txt" and print:
+# "Total number of words in data.txt: X"
+    print(f"Total number of words in data.txt: {total_words}")
+# Count the total number of characters in "data.txt" and print:
+# "Total number of characters in data.txt: X"
+    print(f"Total number of characters in data.txt: {total_char}")

functions/LambdaFunctions.py

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# with arbitrary arguments: when we dont know the no. of arguments beforehand
+
+from functools import reduce
+print("with arbitrary arguments")
+
+
+def add(*nums):
+    return sum(nums)
+
+
+print(add(1, 2, 3, 4))
+
+# to accept any number of named arguments **kwargs
+
+
+def student_info(**details):
+    for key, value in details.items():
+        print(f'{key}: {value}')
+
+
+student_info(name="rohit", age=21, city="cgd")
+
+# lambda functions: one line functions, use of map(),filter(),reduce()
+
+nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+square = list(map(lambda x: x*x, nums))
+print(square)
+
+even = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, nums))
+print(even)
+
+# from functools import reduce
+product = reduce(lambda x, y: x*y, nums)
+print(product)
+
+
+print("practice questions")
+# Write a function multiply_list(numbers) that takes a list and returns the product of all elements.
+
+
+def multiply_list(numbers):
+    product = 1
+    for num in numbers:
+        product *= num
+    return product
+
+
+print(multiply_list([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]))
+
+
+# Use a lambda function to filter out even numbers from [3, 6, 9, 12, 15]
+num_list = [3, 6, 9, 12, 15]
+even_num = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, num_list))
+odd_num = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 != 0, num_list))
+print(even_num)
+print(odd_num)

functions.py renamed to functions/functions.py

@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
+print("without argument")
+
+
 def greet():
     print("hello")
 
 
 greet()
 
 # with argument
+print("with argument")
 
 
 def Name(name):
@@ -24,6 +28,8 @@ def add(a, b):
 
 # default parameter
 
+print("default parameter")
+
 
 def greet(name="Guest"):
     print(f"Hello, {name}!")
@@ -34,13 +40,15 @@ def greet(name="Guest"):
 
 
 # lambda function
+print("lambda fxn")
 def square(x): return x*x
 
 
 print(square(4))
 # cube = lambda y: y*y*y
 # print(cube(4))
 
+print("practice question")
 # Write a function multiply(a, b) that returns the product of two numbers.
 
 

loops.py

@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@
     print(i, end=" ")
 print()
 
+print("practice questions")
+
 # Write a Python program to print all even numbers from 1 to 20 using a for loop.
 for i in range(1, 10):
     if i % 2 == 0:
@@ -56,4 +58,3 @@
     print(i, end=" ")
     i -= 1
 print()
-

tempCodeRunnerFile.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+multiply_list([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])